حال کامل استمراری در انگلیسی + مثال تصویری و تمرین

قبلا در مقاله تمامی زمان‌ها در زبان انگلیسی به بررسی موردی زمان‌ها پرداختیم. زمان حال کامل استمراری برای اشاره به عملی که از گذشته شروع شده و تا زمان حال ادامه داشته است، یا اثر آن در زمان حال باقی مانده است، استفاده می‌شود.

ساختار حال کامل استمراری انگلیسی

ساختار زمان حال کامل استمراری در زبان انگلیسی از شکل ساده فعل have یا has (برای سوم شخص) به همراه حالت سوم فعل کمکی «be» یعنی  «been» به‌علاوه‌ی شکل ing افعال اصلی ساخته می‌شود.

کاربرد اصلی ساختار حال کامل استمراری یا Present perfect continuous برای توصیف عملی است که از گذشته شروع شده و تا زمان حال ادامه دارد.

اما برای توصیف عمل یا کاری که به‌تازگی پایان یافته است، اما اثر آن‌ در زمان حال قابل مشاهده است یا برای توصیف کارهایی که ادامه داشته و تکرار شده‌اند استفاده می‌شود.

فرمول حال کامل استمراری:

قید زمان

+ قید مکان

+ قید حالت

+ مفعول

+ فعل اصلی به شکل ing دار

+ قسمت سوم فعل be (been)

+ فعل کمکی have/ has

+ فاعل

I have been living in London

من در لندن زندگی می‌کرده‌ام.

You’re out of breath. Have you been running?

نفس نفس می‌زنید. آیا می‌دویده‌اید؟

 

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سوالی کردن حال کامل استمراری

برای سوالی کردن زمان حال کامل استمراری در سوالات بلی/خیر، افعال کمکی have/has را به قبل از فاعل منتقل می‌کنیم:

 

Have you been talking to Carol about the problem?

درباره مشکل با کارل صحبت کرده‌ای؟

اگر از کلمات سوالی مانند wh هم استفاده می‌کنید باید این کلمات را در ابتدای جمله به‌کار ببریم و سپس با تغییر جایگاه فعل کمکی و فاعل جمله خود را بسازیم.

 

Why has she been sitting in the sun?

چرا او در زیر آفتاب نشسته است؟

What have you been doing these days?

این روزها مشغول انجام چه کاری بوده‌ای؟

 

 

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حالت منفی حال کامل استمراری یا Present Perfect Continuous

برای منفی کردن زمان حال کامل استمراری، بعد از افعال کمکی have/has قید منفی ساز یا مخفف آن n’t را اضافه می‌کنیم.

I have not been writing much recently.

من اخیرا زیاد نمی‌نویسم

Susan hasn’t been waiting for the school bus a lot.

سوزان زیاد منتظر اتوبوس مدرسه نمانده است.

خلاصه ساخت جملات در زمان حال کامل استمراری

در ادامه با جدولی از یک مثال در مورد نحوه سوالی کردن، منفی کردن و جمله ساده در زمان حال کامل استمراری مشاهده خواهید نمود. برای مثال در جمله

You’ve been studying English for a few minutes.

می‌توان سوالی، منفی و جمله بندی آن را طبق جدول زیر ارائه نمود:

جمله سوالی	جمله منفی	جمله مثبت
Have I been working?	I haven`t been working	I`ve been working
Have you been working?	You haven`t been working	You`ve been working
Has he/she/it been working?	He/she/it hasn`t been working	He/she/it`s been working
Have we been working?	We haven`t been working	We`ve been working
Have you been working?	You haven`t been working	You`ve been working
Have they been working?	They haven`t been working	They`ve been working

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کاربردهای زمان حال کامل استمراری

• زمانی‌که قصد داشته باشیم روی فرایند یا مدت زمان عملی که در گذشته شروع شده و تا زمان حال ادامه پیدا کرده است، تاکید کنیم.

Jack has been fixing cars since he was eighteen years old.

جک از هجده سالگی ماشین تعمیر می‌کرده است.

• برای اشاره به کاری که در گذشته آغاز شده و تا زمان آینده هم ادامه پیدا خواهد کرد، یا نتیجه و اثرش تا آن زمان باقی خواهد بود. این حالت بیشتر در پاسخ به سوالات ” از کی…” یا ” چند وقت…” به‌کار می‌رود.
•  برای اشاره به عملی که تمام شده اما اثر و نتیجه آن کار تا زمان حال باقی مانده است.

How long have they been working here? They have been working for 10 Years.

چند وقت آن‌ها اینجا کار می‌کرده‌اند؟ آن‌ها ده سال است که اینجا کار می‌کرده‌اند.

As I  have been cleaning the roof all the day, My clothes are dirty now.

چون تمام طول روز داشتم سقف را تمیز می‌کرده‌ام، لباس‌هایم الان کثیف هستند.

مطالعه کنید: چگونه تاریخ را به انگلیسی (dates) بگوییم؟

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نشانه‌ها و قیدهای زمان حال کامل استمراری

از زمان حال کامل استمراری برای بیان کاری که در زمان گذشته (هر زمانی پیش از حال) شروع شده است و هنوز هم در حال انجام است (به پایان نرسیده باشد) استفاده می‌شود.

معمولا برای مشخص کردن مدت زمان انجام کار در این ساختار از دو حرف اضافه‌ی “for” و  “ since” استفاده می‌کنیم. همچنین می‌توانیم از سایر قیود زمان برای نشان دادن دوره زمانی این ساختار استفاده کنیم و البته بعضی‌وقت‌ها هم می‌توان به طول زمان اشاره‌ای نکرد.

در این قسمت قیدهای انگلیسی حال کامل استمراری را مشاهده می‌کنید:

1- استفاده از since در حال کامل استمراری

کلمه since به معنی “از” است و در زمان حال کامل استمراری انگلیسی “مبدا زمان” را نشان می‌دهد. به این معنا که برای اشاره به شروع کاری که در گذشته رخ داده و تا زمان حال ادامه پیدا کرده است از since استفاده می‌کنیم.

I’ve studies Englis h since  1392.

من از سال 1392 زبان انگلیسی را یاد گرفته‌ام.

توجه: اگر بخواهیم در عبارت‌های زمان حال کامل استمراری، بعد از since به جای قیود زمان مانند سال و روز، از جمله استفاده کنیم، زمان آن جمله بایستی به صورت زمان گذشته باشد.

She’s been reading the news since  8 a.m.

او از ساعت 8 صبح اخبار را می‌خوانده است.

She has been reading the news since she got up in the morning.

او از صبح که از خواب بیدار شد، اخبار را می‌خوانده است.

مطالعه کنید: صفت در زبان انگلیسی

2- استفاده از for در حال کامل استمراری

کلمه for به معنی ” به مدت” است و در زمان حال کامل استمراری ” مدت زمان انجام کار ” را نشان می‌دهد. کلمه for اغلب بعد از کلماتی که نشان دهنده طول زمان هستند مانند a long time, year, month, hour, second,… استفاده می‌شود.

Mr. Smith has been teaching Spanish for 10 years.

آقای اسمیت به مدت 10 سال زبان اسپانیایی را تدریس می‌کرده است.

3- recently= lately در حال کامل استمراری

Recently و lately به معنی”اخیرا” هستند. این دو کلمه در ابتدا و قبل از فعل اصلی و یا در انتهای جمله زمان حال کامل استمراری قرار می‌گیرد.

Prices have been going up recently.

قیمت‌ها اخیرا بالا می‌رفته‌اند.

What have you been doing lately?

اخیرا چه کاری انجام می‌داده ای؟

مطالعه کنید: بهترین پکیج آموزش زبان انگلیسی در خانه

4- how long در حال کامل استمراری

کلمه‌ی پرسشی how long به معنی ” چند وقت..” است و در زمان حال کامل استمراری جهت پرسش درباره طول زمان انجام عملی که در گذشته انجام شده و تا زمان حال ادامه داشته‌، به‌کار می‌رود.

How long has George been learning Spanish?

جرج چند وقت است که زبان اسپانیایی یاد می‌گرفته است؟

5- all day در حال کامل استمراری

این کلمه به معنی” تمام طول روز ” است و در زمان حال کامل استمراری در آخر جمله جهت نشان دادن استمرار یک عمل به‌کار می‌رود.

Tim is still watching television. He has been watching television all day.

تیم هنوز در حال تماشای تلویزیون است. او تمام طول روز را تلویزیون تماشا می‌کرده است.

مطلب پیشنهادی: آهنگ انگلیسی برای یادگیری زبان

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فرق حال کامل با حال کامل استمراری

حال کامل استمراری، کاربردی تقریبا مشابه با زمان حال کامل دارد. از زمان حال کامل استمراری برای بیان کاری که در زمان گذشته شروع شده است و در زمان حال هنوز هم در حال انجام است، استفاده می‌شود.

علاوه بر این، از زمان حال کامل استمراری برای تاکید بر مدت زمان انجام یک کار از گذشته تا به حال نیز استفاده می‌شود. همچنین می‌توان از این ساختار زمانی برای بیان این‌که فعلی تا همین چندی پیش انجام می‌شده است و به پایان رسیده است، استفاده کرد.

زمان حال کامل استمراری:

I have been living in Tehran.

I have been living in Tehran for three years.

سه سال است که در تهران زندگی می‌کنم.

I have been living in Tehran since I was 9.

از 9 سالگی در تهران زندگی کرده‌ام.

زمان حال کامل:

We have lived in Tehran since 1989.

 ما از سال 1989 در تهران زندگی کرده‌ایم.

His father has lived in Tehran for 15 years.

پدرش به مدت 15 سال در تهران زندگی کرده است.

در مثال‌های بالا گوینده جملات همچنان در تهران زندگی می‌کند. تنها چیزی که در این جملات تغییر می‌کند طول دوره زمانی است. تقریبا چنین کاربردی را به لحاظ معنایی، در ساختار زمان حال کامل نیز سراغ داریم. در واقع اکثر مثال‌های بالا را می‌توان با زمان حال کامل نیز بیان کرد.

تفاوت بین کاری که به پایان رسیده است و عملی که هم‌چنان در حال اتفاق افتادن است، در استفاده از زمان حال کامل یا حال کامل استمراری کمک می‌کند. 

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افعالی که در زمان حال کامل استمراری به‌کار نمی‌روند

برخی از افعال (افعال حسی) را نمی‌توان در زمان حال کامل استمراری بکار برد. برای این افعال در صورت لزوم بایستی از حال کامل استفاده کنید. برخی از این افعال عبارتند از:

افعالی که استمراری نمی‌شوند (Non-progressive Verbs)
believe	belong	appear
care	cost	dislike
exist	expect	feel
forget	have	hate
hear	hope	imagine
include	know	like
look	love	mind
need	own	prefer
realize	remember	see
seem	smell	suppose
taste	understand	want

 

I’ve wanted to leave the city.

من خواسته‌ام که شهر را ترک کنم.

We’ve understood everything.

ما همه چیز را فهمیده‌ایم.

نکته:

همه افعال را نمیتوان در حال کامل استمراری و با فرم اصلی زمان آن‌ها بیان کرد. افعالی که حالت و یا وضعیت کاری را نشان می‌دهند؛مانند افعال tobe و یا own به عنوان مثال در بیان حالت و وضعیت جملات حال کامل استمراری مورد استفاده قرار نمی‌گیرند. برای چنین افعالی می‌بایست از زمان حال کامل ساده استفاده نمایید. به عنوان مثال در جملات زیر:

Incorrect: I have been owning my Mazda since 2007.

Correct: I have owned my Mazda since 2007.

 

Incorrect: Gus has been being late for work recently.

Correct: Gus has been late for work recently.

Correct: Gus has been arriving late for work recently.

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سایر زمان‌ها در انگلیسی

 

تمرین

Quiz

1. What does the present perfect continuous tense indicate?
a) A completed action in the past
b) An action that started in the past and is still ongoing
c) An action that will happen in the future
d) An action that occurred at a specific time in the past

2. Which sentence uses the present perfect continuous tense correctly?
a) He is studying for the exam yesterday.
b) She has been reading that book for two hours.
c) They were playing tennis earlier today.
d) I am going to the party tomorrow.

3. Which is the correct negative form of the sentence “They have been waiting for the bus for an hour”?
a) They haven’t been waiting for the bus for an hour.
b) They has not been waiting for the bus for an hour.
c) They weren’t waiting for the bus for an hour.
d) They have not been waiting for the bus for an hour.

4. Which question is formed correctly in the present perfect continuous tense?
a) Are you go to the gym yesterday?
b) Have they been traveling to Europe last month?
c) Has she been cooking dinner for an hour?
d) Do they been studying for the exam?

5. What is the correct contracted form of “I have been working hard”?
a) I’ve work hard.
b) I’ve been work hard.
c) I’ve been working hard.
d) I’ve been worked hard.

6. Choose the sentence that expresses a temporary action in the present perfect continuous tense.
a) He has worked here for ten years.
b) She has been cooking since morning.
c) They have lived in this city all their lives.
d) I have been reading this book for a week.

7. Which sentence is in the present perfect continuous tense?
a) We are going to the beach tomorrow.
b) He will have been studying for the exam.
c) They played soccer yesterday.
d) She has been dancing at the party.

8. Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of the present perfect continuous tense?
a) I have been waiting for you since morning.
b) They have been practicing their lines for the play.
c) She has lived in this house for five years.
d) We have been working on this project all week.

9. What is the correct question form of the sentence “She has been writing a novel”?
a) Has she been writing a novel?
b) Have she been writing a novel?
c) She has been writing a novel?
d) She been writing a novel?

10. Choose the correct sentence using the present perfect continuous tense with the word “lately.”
a) He has been studying for the test tomorrow.
b) They have been traveling to Europe next month.
c) She has been feeling unwell lately.
d) We have been finishing the project yesterday.

Exercise

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in the present perfect continuous tense.

1. I ________________ (study) for the exam for three hours.
2. They ________________ (play) basketball since morning.
3. She ________________ (work) at the company for six months.
4. We ________________ (wait) for the bus for twenty minutes.
5. The children ________________ (play) in the garden all afternoon.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences in the present perfect continuous tense.

1. He reads that book for two hours.
2. They played soccer yesterday.
3. She is cooking dinner.
4. We have worked on this project all week.
5. I have been waiting here for ages.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct verb form for each sentence.

1. Have you been working/worked on this assignment for a long?
2. She has been studying/studied French since last year.
3. They haven’t been playing/played video games all day.
4. We’ve been waiting/waited for the train for half an hour.
5. How long has he been running/run in marathons?

Exercise 4: Make questions using the given prompts and the present perfect continuous tense.

1. (you / study) ________________ for the test all day?
2. (she / wait) ________________ for her friend since morning?
3. (they / learn) ________________ Spanish for six months?
4. (how long / you / play) ________________ the guitar?
5. (what / he / do) ________________ in the garden?

Exercise 5: Rearrange the words to make meaningful sentences in the present perfect continuous tense.

1. been / They / working / hard / have / all day.
2. for / She / has / been / dancing/hours / three.
3. painting / have / the / been / artists/masterpiece/a / creating.
4. playing / They / basketball / have / in / the park / been.
5. training / been / They / marathon / have / for the / weeks / three.

Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate present perfect continuous tense form of the verb.

1. Tom ________________ (practice) the piano for his recital next week.
2. The students ________________ (prepare) for the upcoming exams for months.
3. How long ________________ you ________________ (study) for this test?
4. We ________________ (watch) this movie since it began.
5. She ________________ (work) at the new job for three weeks now.

Exercise 7: Use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about experiences.

1. I ____________________ (learn) how to cook different cuisines lately.
2. They ____________________ (travel) to various countries in the last few months.
3. She ____________________ (volunteer) at the local shelter for a year.
4. We ____________________ (explore) different hiking trails this summer.
5. He ____________________ (improve) his language skills by taking online courses.

Exercise 8: Complete the dialogue using the present perfect continuous tense.

A: How are your dance classes going?
B: Great! I ________________ (attend) them for three months now. I ____________________ (enjoy) every moment.

Exercise 9: Rewrite the sentences in the negative form of the present perfect continuous tense.

1. She has been playing the guitar for two years.
2. They have been living in this city since 2010.
3. I have been working on this project all day.
4. We have been studying for the exam since morning.
5. He has been waiting for the bus for thirty minutes.

Exercise 10: Use the present perfect continuous tense to make statements about ongoing actions.

1. The construction workers ____________________ (repair) the road for a week now.
2. They ____________________ (work) on the new building since last month.
3. I ____________________ (practice) my speech for the conference next week.
4. We ____________________ (look) for a new apartment for three months.
5. She ____________________ (study) English for her upcoming language test.

Answers

1. b) An action that started in the past and is still ongoing.
2. b) She has been reading that book for two hours.
3. a) They haven’t been waiting for the bus for an hour.
4. c) Has she been cooking dinner for an hour?
5. c) I’ve been working hard.
6. d) I have been reading this book for a week.
7. d) She has been dancing at the party.
8. c) She has lived in this house for five years.
9. a) Has she been writing a novel?
10. c) She has been feeling unwell lately.

Exercise 1:
1. I have been studying for the exam for three hours.
2. They have been playing basketball since morning.
3. She has been working at the company for six months.
4. We have been waiting for the bus for twenty minutes.
5. The children have been playing in the garden all afternoon.

Exercise 2:
1. He has been reading that book for two hours.
2. They didn’t play soccer yesterday.
3. She has been cooking dinner.
4. We have been working on this project all week.
5. I have been waiting here for ages.

Exercise 3:
1. Have you been working on this assignment for long?
2. She has been studying French since last year.
3. They haven’t been playing video games all day.
4. We’ve been waiting for the train for half an hour.
5. How long has he been running in marathons?

Exercise 4:
1. Have you been studying for the test all day?
2. Has she been waiting for her friend since morning?
3. Have they been learning Spanish for six months?
4. How long have you been playing the guitar?
5. What has he been doing in the garden?

Exercise 5:
1. They have been working hard all day.
2. She has been dancing for three hours.
3. The artists have been creating a masterpiece.
4. They have been playing basketball in the park.
5. They have been training for the marathon for three weeks.

Exercise 6:
1. Tom has been practicing the piano for his recital next week.
2. The students have been preparing for the upcoming exams for months.
3. How long have you been studying for this test?
4. We have been watching this movie since it began.
5. She has been working at the new job for three weeks now.

Exercise 7:
1. I have been learning how to cook different cuisines lately.
2. They have been traveling to various countries in the last few months.
3. She has been volunteering at the local shelter for a year.
4. We have been exploring different hiking trails this summer.
5. He has been improving his language skills by taking online courses.

Exercise 8:
A: How are your dance classes going?
B: Great! I have been attending them for three months now. I have been enjoying every moment.

Exercise 9:
1. She has not been playing the guitar for two years.
2. They have not been living in this city since 2010.
3. I have not been working on this project all day.
4. We have not been studying for the exam since morning.
5. He has not been waiting for the bus for thirty minutes.

Exercise 10:
1. The construction workers have been repairing the road for a week now.
2. They have been working on the new building since last month.
3. I have been practicing my speech for the conference next week.
4. We have been looking for a new apartment for three months.
5. She has been studying English for her upcoming language test.

ویدئو آموزش حال کامل استمراری